The 12 Most Common Direct Mail Mistakes

Successful direct mail doesn't depend on fancy, four-color design or "creative" copy.

Mistake No. 1: Ignoring the most important factor in direct-mail success

Do you know what the most important part of your direct-mail campaign is? It's not the copy. It's not the artwork. It's not even the format or when you mail. It is the mailing list.

A great mailing package, with superior copy and scintillating design, might pull double the response of a poorly conceived mailing. But the best list can pull a response 10 times more than the worst list for the identical mailing piece.

The most common direct-mail mistake is not spending enough time and effort upfront, when you select - and then test - the right lists. Remember: In direct marketing, a mailing list is not just a way of reaching your market. It is the market.

The best list available to you is your "house" list - a list of customers and prospects who previously bought from you or responded to your ads, public relations campaign, or other mailings. Typically, your house list will pull double the response of an outside list. Yet, only 50% of business marketers I've surveyed capture and use customer and prospect names for mailing purposes.

When renting outside lists, get your ad agency or list broker involved in the early stages. The mailing piece should not be written and designed until after the right lists have been identified and selected.

Mistake No. 2: Not testing

Big consumer mailers test all the time. Publishers Clearinghouse tests just about everything...even (I hear) the slant of the indicia on the outer envelope. Business-to-business marketers, on the other hand, seldom track response or test one mailing piece or list against another. As a result, they repeat their failures and have no idea of what works in direct mail - and what doesn't.

A mistake. In direct mail, you should not assume you know what will work. You should test to find out.

For example, copywriter Milt Pierce wrote a subscription package for a very well known magazine. His mailing became the "control" package for 25 years. That is, no package tested against it brought back as many subscriptions

The envelope teaser and theme of that successful mailing was "32 Ways to Save Time and Money." Yet, Mr. Pierce says that when he applied the same theme to subscription mailings for other magazines - it failed miserably.

"There are no answers in direct mail except test answers," says Eugene Schwartz, author of the book, Breakthrough Advertising." "You don't know whether something will work until you test it. And you cannot predict test results based on past experience."

Mistake No. 3: Not using a letter in your mailing package

The sales letter - not the outer envelope, the brochure, or even the reply form - is the most important part of your direct-mail package. A package with a letter will nearly always outpull a post- card, a self-mailer, or a brochure or ad reprint mailed without a letter.

Recently, a company tested two packages offering, for $1, a copy of its mail-order tool catalog. Package "A" consisted of a sales letter and reply form. Package "B" was a double postcard. The result? "A" outpulled "B" by a 3-to-1 ratio.

Why do letters pull so well? Because a letter creates the illusion of personal communication. We are trained to view letters as "real" mail, brochures as "advertising." Which is more important to you? One recommendation I often give clients is to try an old-fashioned sales letter first. Go to a fancier package once you start making some money.

Mistake No. 4: Features vs. benefits

Perhaps the oldest and most widely embraced rule for writing direct- mail copy is, "Stress benefits, not features." But in business-to- business marketing, this doesn't always hold true. In certain situations, features must be given equal (if not top) billing over benefits.

For example, if you've ever advertised semiconductors, you know that design engineers are hungry for specs. They want hard data on drain-source voltage, power dissipation, input capacitance, and rise- and fall-time...not broad advertising claims about how the product helps save time and money or improves performance.

"I've tested many mailings selling engineering components and products of OEMs (original equipment manufacturers)," says Don Jay Smith, president of the Chatham, NJ-based ad agency, The Wordsmith. "I've found that features and specs outpull benefits almost every time."

Vivian Sudhalter, "the engineering and scientific marketplace does not respond to promise- or benefit-oriented copy. They respond to features. Your copy must tell them exactly what they are getting and what your product can do. Scientists and engineers are put off by copy that sounds like advertising jargon."

In the same way, I suspect that doctors are swayed more by hard medical data than by advertising claims, and that industrial chemists are eager to learn about complex formulations that the average advertising writer might reject as "too technical."

In short, the copywriter's real challenge is to find out what the customer wants to know about your product - and then tell him in your mailing.

Mistake No. 5: Not having an offer

An offer is what the reader gets when he responds to your mailing. To be successful, a direct-mail package should sell the offer, not the product itself.

For example, if I mail a letter describing a new mainframe computer, my letter is not going to do the whole job of convincing people to buy my computer. But the letter is capable of swaying some people to at least show interest by requesting a free brochure about the computer.

Make sure you have a well-thought-out offer in every mailing. If you think the offer and the way you describe it are unimportant, you are wrong.

A freelance copywriter friend of mine ran an ad that offered a free portfolio of article reprints about direct mail. He received dozens of replies. Then he ran an identical ad, but charged $3 for the portfolio instead of giving it away. Number of responses that time? Only three.

Here are some effective offers for industrial direct mail: Free brochure, free technical information, free analysis, free consultation, free demonstration, free trial use, free product sample, free catalog.

Your copy should state the offer in such a way as to increase the reader's desire to send for whatever it is you offer. For example, a catalog becomes a product guide. A collection of brochures becomes a free information kit. A checklist becomes a convention planner's guide. An article reprinted in pamphlet form becomes "our new, informative booklet - "How to Prevent Computer Failures.'"

From now on, design your fulfillment literature with titles and information that will make them work well as offers in direct mail. When one of my clients decided to publish a catalog listing U.S. software programs available for export overseas, I persuaded her to call the book "The International Directory of U.S. Software," because I thought people would think such a directory was more valuable than a mere product catalog.

Mistake No. 6: Superficial copy

Nothing kills the selling power of a business-to-business mailing faster than lack of content. The equivalent in industrial literature is what I call the "art director's brochure." You've seen them: Showcase pieces destined to win awards for graphic excellence. Brochures so gorgeous that everybody falls in love with them - until they wake up and realize that people send for information, not pretty pictures. Which is why typewritten, unillustrated sales brochures can often pull double the response of expensive, four-color work.

In the same way, direct mail is not meant to be pretty. Its goal is not to be remembered or create an image or make an impact, but to generate a response now.

One of the quickest ways to kill that response is to be superficial. To talk in vague generalities, rather than specifics. To ramble without authority on a subject, rather than show customers that you understand their problems, their industries and their needs.

What causes superficial copy? The fault is with lazy copywriters who don't bother to do their homework (or ignorant copywriters who don't know any better).

To write strong copy - specific factual copy - you must dig for facts. You must study the product, the prospect and the marketing problem. There is no way around this. Without facts, you cannot write good copy. But with the facts at their fingertips, even mediocre copywriters can do a decent job.

Don Hauptman, author of the famous mail-order ad, "Speak Spanish Like a Diplomat!," says that when he writes a direct-mail package, more than 50% of the work involved is in the reading, research and preparation. Less than half his time is spent writing, rewriting, editing and revising.

Recently a client hired me to write an ad on a software package. After reading the background material and typing it into my word processor, I had 19 single-spaced pages of notes.

How much research is enough? Follow Bly's Rule, which says you should collect at least twice as much information as you need-- preferably three times as much. Then you have the luxury of selecting only the best facts, instead of trying desperately to find enough information to fill up the page.

Mistake No. 7: Saving the best for last

Some copywriters save their strongest sales pitch for last, starting slow in their sales letters and hoping to build to a climatic conclusion. A mistake. Leo Bott Jr., a Chicago-based mail-order writer, says that the typical prospect reads for five seconds before he decides whether to continue reading or throw your mailing in the trash. The letter must grab his attention immediately. So start your letter with your strongest sales point.

Some examples of powerful openings:

* "Which produces the best ad results - an 800 phone number? Company phone? Coupon? No coupon?" - from a letter selling ad space in a specific magazine.

* "14 things that can go wrong in your company - and one sure way to prevent them" - an envelope teaser for a mailing that sold a manual on internal auditing procedures.

* "A special invitation to the hero of American business" - from a magazine's subscription letter.

* "Can 193,750 millionaires be wrong? - An envelope teaser for a subscription mailing.

* "Dear Friend: I'm fed up with the legal system. I want to change it, and I think you do, too." - the lead paragraph of a fundraising letter.

Some time- testing opening gambits for sales letters include

* asking a provocative question;

* Going straight to the heart of the reader's most pressing problem or concern;

* Arousing curiosity;

* Leading off with a fascinating fact or incredible statistic; and

* Starting the offer upfront, especially if it involves money:

Saving it, getting something for an incredibly low price, or making a free offer.

Know the "hot spots" of your direct-mail package - the places that get the most readership. Those include: the first paragraphs of the letter, its subheads, its last paragraph and the postscript (80% of readers look at the P.S.); the brochure cover, its subheads and the headline of its inside spread; picture captions; and the head- line and copy on the order form or reply card. Put your strongest selling copy in those spots.

Mistake No. 8: Poor follow-up

Recently, a company phoned to ask whether I was interested in buying its product, which was promoted in a mailing I'd answered. The caller became indignant when I confessed that I didn't remember the company's copy, its product, its mailing, or whether it sent me a brochure.

"When did I request the brochure?" I asked. The caller checked her records. "About 14 weeks ago," she replied.

Hot leads rapidly turn ice cold when not followed up quickly. Slow fulfillment, poor marketing literature and inept telemarketing can destroy the initial interest that you worked so hard to build.

Here are some questions you should ask yourself about your current inquiry fulfillment procedures:

* Am I filling orders or requests for information within 48 hours?

* Am I using telephone follow-up or mail questionnaires to qualify prospects? By my definition, an inquiry is a response to your mailing. A lead is a qualified inquirer - someone who fits the descriptive profile of a potential customer for your product. You are after leads, not just inquiries.

* Am I sending additional mailings to people who did not respond to my first mailing? Test that. Many people who did not respond to mailing No. 1 may send back the reply card from mailing No. 2, or even No. 3.

* Am I using telemarketing to turn non-responders into responders? Direct mail followed by telemarketing generates two to 10 times more response than direct mail with no telephone follow-up, according to Dwight Reichard, a telemarketing director.

* Does my inquiry fulfillment package include a strong sales letter telling the prospect what to do next? Every package should.

* Does my inquiry fulfillment package include a reply element, such as an order form or spec sheet?

* Does my sales brochure give the reader the information he needs to make an intelligent decision about taking the next step in the buying process? The most common complaint I hear from prospects is that the brochures they receive do not contain enough technical and price information.

Don't put 100% of your time and effort into the lead-generating mailing and 0% into the follow-up, as so many mailers do. You have to keep selling, every step of the way.

Mistake No. 9: The magic words

This mistake is not using the magic words that can dramatically increase the response to your mailing. General advertisers, operating under the mistaken notion that the mission of the copywriter is to be creative, avoid the magic words of direct mail, because they think those magic phrases are clichés.

But just because a word or phrase is used frequently doesn't mean that it has lost its power to achieve your communications objective. In conversation, for example, "please" and "thank you" never go out of style.

What are the magic words of direct mail? Free. Say free brochure, not brochure. Say free consultation, not initial consultation. Say free gift, not gift.

If the English teacher in you objects that "free gift" is redundant, let me tell you a story. A mail-order firm tested two packages. The only difference was that package "A" offered a gift while package "B" offered a free gift.

The result? You guessed it. The free gift offer in package "B" significantly outpulled package "A." What's more, many people who received package "A" wrote in and asked whether the gift was free!

No Obligation. Important when you are offering anything free. If prospects aren't obligated to use your firm's wastewater treatment services after you analyze their water sample for free, say so. People want to be reassured that there are no strings attached.

No salesperson will call. If true, a fantastic phrase that can increase response by 10% or more. Most people, including genuine prospects, hate being called by salespeople over the phone. Warning: Don't say "no salesperson will call" if you do plan to follow up by phone. People won't buy from liars.

Details inside/See inside. One of those should follow any teaser copy on the outer envelope. You need a phrase that directs the reader to the inside.

Limited time only. People who put your mailing aside for later reading or file it will probably never respond. The trick is to generate a response now. One way to do it is with a time-limited offer, either generic ("This offer is for a limited time only."), or specific ("This offer expires 9/20/87."). Try it!

Announcing/At last. People like to think they are getting in on the ground floor of a new thing. Making your mailing an announcement increases its attention-getting powers.

New. "New" is sheer magic in consumer mailings. But it's a double-edged sword in industrial mailings. On the one hand, they demand products with proven performance.

The solution? Explain that your product is new or available to them for the first time, but proven elsewhere - either in another country, another application, or another industry. For example, when we introduced a diagnostic display system, we advertised it as "new" to U.S. hospitals but explained it had been used successful for five years in leading hospitals throughout Europe.

Mistake No. 10: Starting with the product - not the prospect

In my New York University copywriting workshop, I teach students to avoid "manufacturer's copy" - copy that is vendor-oriented, that stresses who we are, what we do, our corporate philosophy and history, and the objectives of our firm.

You and your products are not important to the prospect. The reader opening your sales letter only wants to know, "What's in it for me? How will I come out ahead by doing business with you vs. someone else?"

Successful direct mail focuses on the prospect, not the product. The most useful background research you can do is to ask your typical prospect, "What's the biggest problem you have right now?" The sales letter should talk about that problem, then promise a solution.

Do not guess what is going on in industries about which you have limited knowledge. Instead, talk to customers and prospects to find out their needs. Read the same publications and attend the same seminars they do. Try to learn their problems and concerns. Too many companies and ad agencies don't do this. Too many copywriters operate in a black box, and doom themselves merely to recycling data already found in existing brochures.

For example, let's say you have the assignment of writing a direct- mail package selling weed-control chemicals to farmers. Do you know what farmers look for in weed control, or why they choose one supplier over another? Unless you are a farmer, you probable don't. Wouldn't it help to speak to some farmers and learn more about their situation?

Read, talk and listen to find out what's going on with your customers.

In his book" Or Your Money Back," Alvin Eicoff, one of the deans of late-night television commercials, tells the story of a radio commercial he wrote selling rat poison. It worked well in the consumer market. But when it was aimed at the farm market, sales turned up zero.

Mr. Eicoff drove out to the country to talk with farmers. His finding? Farmers didn't order because they were embarrassed about having a rat problem, and feared their neighbors would learn about it when the poison was delivered by mail.

He added a single sentence to the radio script, which said that the rat poison was mailed in a plain brown wrapper. After that, sales soared. Talk to your customers. Good direct mail - or any ad copy-- should tell them what they want to hear. Not what you think is important.

Mistake No. 11: Failing to appeal to all five senses

Unlike an ad, which is two-dimensional, direct mail is three-dimensional and can appeal to all five senses: sight, hearing, touch, and smell, taste. Yet most users of direct mail fail to take advantage of the medium's added dimension.

Don't plan a mailing without at least thinking about whether you can make it more powerful by adding a solid object, fragrance or even a sound. You ultimately may reject such enhancements because of time and budget constraints. But here are some ideas you might consider:

Audiocassettes. In selling summaries of business books recorded on cassette, Macmillan Software Co. sent an audiocassette in a cold mailing to prospects. The cassette allows the prospect to sample the books-on-tape program. I would have said, "Too expensive." But inside information, and the fact that I got the package twice, tell me it's working for them.

Do you have a powerful message that a company spokesperson can deliver in dynamic fashion to your audience? Consider adding a cassette to your package.

Videocassettes. Some companies are taking the idea one step further and mailing videocassettes cold to prospects. Again, that's expensive - but successful in many instances. One company I spoke to got a 30% response to such a program. And in telephone follow-up, they learned that 95% watched the tape.

Pop-ups. Chris Crowell, president of Essex, Conn.-based Structural Graphics Inc., says pop-ups can increase response up to 40% when compared with a conventional flat mailing. You can have a pop-up custom designed for your mailing or choose from one of many "stock" designs available.

Money. Market research firms have discovered that enclosing a dollar bill with a market research survey can increase response by a factor of five or more, even though $1 is surely of no consequence to business executives or most consumers. Has anyone tried using money to get attention in a lead-getting industrial mailing?

Sound. Have you seen the greeting cards that play a song when you open them because of an implanted chip or some similar device? I think that certainly would get attention. But as far as I know, no one has used it yet in direct mail.

Product samples. Don't neglect this old standard. Enclose a product or material sample in your next mailing. We once did a mailing in which we enclosed a small sample of knitted wire mesh used in pollution control and product recovery. Engineers who received the mailing kept that bit of wire on their desks for months.

Premiums. An inexpensive gift - such as a slide guide, measuring tape, ruler or thermometer - can still work well.

One recommendation and warning:

A lot of us, including me, need to be a little more imaginative if we want our mailing package to stand out in the prospect's crowded mailbox. At the same time, we must remember that creativity can enhance a strong selling message or idea but cannot substitute for it. As copywriter Herschell Gordon Lewis, president of Communicomp in Plantation, FL, warns, "Cleverness for the sake of cleverness may well be a liability, not an asset."

Mistake No. 12: Creating and reviewing direct mail by committee

Do you know what a moose is? It's a cow designed by a committee. Perhaps the biggest problem I see today is direct mail being re- viewed by committees made up of people who have no idea (a) what direct mail is; (b) how it works; or (c) what it can and cannot do.

For example, an ad agency creative director told me how his client cut a three-page sales letter to a single page because, as the client insisted, "Business people don't read long letters."

Unfortunately, that's an assumption based on the client's own personal prejudices and reading habits. It is not a fact. In many business-to-business direct-mail tests, I have seen long letters output short ones - sometimes dramatically.

Why pay experts to create mailings based on long years of trial- and-error experience, then deprive yourself of that knowledge base by letting personal opinions get in the way.

Here are some things you can do to become a better direct-mail client:

* Reduce the review process. The fewer people who are involved, the better. At most, the mailing should be checked by the communications manager, the product manager and a technical expert (for accuracy).

* Resist the temptation to meddle. Point out technical inaccuracies and other mistakes. But don't dictate the piece's content, tone or style.

* Make a commitment to judge direct mail not by what you like or by aesthetics, but by results - which can be measured accurately and scientifically.

* Become more educated in direct mail by reading books. I recommend "Successful Direct Marketing" by Bob Stone (NTC Business Books, Chicago (800) 323-4900; 496 pp.; $29.95) as a good place to start.

* Know what's going on in the industry. Subscribe to at least one of the top direct marketing magazines. Also, keep in touch with industry developments by reading the more broadly based marketing publications.

* If you challenge your direct-mail pros, be willing to spend for a test. In direct mail, the answer to "Which concept is best?" is the same as the answer to the question, "Which mailing piece pulled best?"

Because nobody can argue with results.